Wikipedista:Vachovec1/Pískoviště9
Vzhled
Nobelova cena za literaturu je jednou z pěti Nobelových cen, udělovanou, dle Nobelovy závěti „za nejvýznačnější literární dílo v ideálním směru“. Jediným Čechem, jemuž byla Nobelova cena za literaturu udělena, je Jaroslav Seifert.
Rok | Portrét | Laureát | Země | Jazyk(y) | Citace | Žánr(y) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1901 | Sully Prudhomme | Francie | francouzština | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"[1] | poezie, eseje | |
1902 | Theodor Mommsen | Německá říše | němčina | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A dějiny of Rome"[2] | dějiny, právo | |
1903 | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson | Norsko | norština | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poezie, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"[3] | poezie, romány, dramata | |
1904 | Frédéric Mistral | Francie | provensálština | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"[4] | poezie, filologie | |
José Echegaray | Španělsko | španělština | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish dramata"[4] | dramata | ||
1905 | Henryk Sienkiewicz | Polsko | polština | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"[5] | romány | |
1906 | Giosuè Carducci | Italské království | italština | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"[6] | poezie | |
1907 | Rudyard Kipling | Spojené království | angličtina | "s ohledem na pozorovací talent, originální představivost jakož i mužnou sílu idejí a pozoruhodný talent pro vyprávění, které charakterizují díla tohoto světoznámého autora"[7] | romány, povídky, poezie | |
1908 | Rudolf Christoph Eucken | Německá říše | němčina | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic filosofie of life"[8] | filosofie | |
1909 | Selma Lagerlöfová | Švédsko | švédština | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[9] | romány, povídky | |
1910 | Paul von Heyse | Německá říše | němčina | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatatist, rományist and writer of world-renowned short stories"[10] | poezie, dramata, romány, povídky | |
1911 | Maurice Maeterlinck | Belgie | francouzština | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"[11] | dramata, poezie, eseje | |
1912 | Gerhart Hauptmann | Německá říše | němčina | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatatic art"[12] | dramata, romány | |
1913 | Rabíndranáth Thákur | Indie | bengálština a angličtina | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"[13] | poezie, romány, dramata, povídky, music, eseje, filosofie, literární kritika, překlady | |
1914 | neuděleno | |||||
1915 | Romain Rolland | Francie | francouzština | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"[14] | romány | |
1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | Švédsko | švédština | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"[15] | poezie, romány | |
1917 | Karl Adolph Gjellerup | Dánsko | dánština | "for his varied and rich poezie, which is inspired by lofty ideals"[16] | poezie | |
Henrik Pontoppidan | Dánsko | dánština | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Dánsko"[16] | romány | ||
1918 | neuděleno | |||||
1919 | Carl Spitteler | Švýcarsko | němčina | "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"[17] | poezie | |
1920 | Knut Hamsun | Norsko | norština | "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"[18] | romány | |
1921 | Anatole France | Francie | francouzština | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"[19] | romány, poezie | |
1922 | Jacinto Benavente | Španělsko | španělština | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish dramata"[20] | dramata | |
1923 | William Butler Yeats | Irsko | angličtina | "for his always inspired poezie, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"[21] | poezie | |
1924 | Władysław Reymont | Polsko | polština | "for his great national epic, The Peasants"[22] | romány | |
1925 | George Bernard Shaw | Irsko[23] | angličtina | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"[24] | dramata, literární kritika | |
1926 | Grazia Deleddaová | Italské království | italština | "for her idealistically inspired writings, which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[25] | poezie, romány | |
1927 | Henri Bergson | Francie | francouzština | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"[26] | filosofie | |
1928 | Sigrid Undsetová | Norsko (narozena v Dánsku) |
norština | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[27] | romány | |
1929 | Thomas Mann | Německá říše | němčina | "principally for his great romány, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"[28] | romány, povídky, eseje | |
1930 | Sinclair Lewis | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"[29] | romány, povídky, dramata | |
1931 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | Švédsko | švédština | "The poezie of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"[30] | poezie | |
1932 | John Galsworthy | Spojené království | angličtina | "for his distinguished art of narration, which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"[31] | romány | |
1933 | Ivan Bunin | Francie (narozen v Ruském impériu) |
ruština | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"[32] | povídky, poezie, romány | |
1934 | Luigi Pirandello | Itálie | italština | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatatic and scenic art"[33] | dramata, romány, povídky | |
1935 | neuděleno | |||||
1936 | Eugene O'Neill | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[34] | dramata | |
1937 | Roger Martin du Gard | Francie | francouzština | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his romány cycle Les Thibault"[35] | romány | |
1938 | Pearl S. Bucková | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[36] | romány, životopisy | |
1939 | Frans Eemil Sillanpää | Finsko | finština | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"[37] | romány | |
1940 | neuděleno | |||||
1941 | neuděleno | |||||
1942 | neuděleno | |||||
1943 | neuděleno | |||||
1944 | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen | Dánsko | dánština | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"[38] | romány, povídky | |
1945 | Gabriela Mistralová | Chile | španělština | "for her lyric poezie, which inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[39] | poezie | |
1946 | Hermann Hesse | Švýcarsko (narozen v Německém císařství) |
němčina | "for his inspired writings, which while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"[40] | romány, poezie | |
1947 | André Gide | Francie | francouzština | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"[41] | romány, eseje | |
1948 | T. S. Eliot | Spojené království (narozen v USA) |
angličtina | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poezie"[42] | poezie | |
1949 | William Faulkner | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American romány"[43] | romány, povídky | |
1950 | Bertrand Russell | Spojené království | angličtina | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"[44] | filosofie | |
1951 | Pär Lagerkvist | Švédsko | švédština | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poezie to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"[45] | poezie, romány, povídky, dramata | |
1952 | François Mauriac | Francie | francouzština | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his románys penetrated the dramata of human life"[46] | romány, povídky | |
1953 | Winston Churchill | Spojené království | angličtina | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"[47] | dějiny, eseje, paměti | |
1954 | Ernest Hemingway | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"[48] | romány, povídky, scénáře | |
1955 | Halldór Laxness | Island | islandština | "for his vivid epic power, which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"[49] | romány, povídky, dramata, poezie | |
1956 | Juan Ramón Jiménez | Španělský stát | španělština | "for his lyrical poezie, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"[50] | poezie | |
1957 | Albert Camus | Francie (narozen ve Francouzském Alžírsku) |
francouzština | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"[51] | romány, povídky, dramata, filosofie, eseje | |
1958 | Boris Pasternak | Sovětský svaz | ruština | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poezie and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[52] | romány, poezie, překlady | |
1959 | Salvatore Quasimodo | Itálie | italština | "for his lyrical poezie, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"[53] | poezie | |
1960 | Saint-John Perse | Francie (narozen na Guadeloupe) |
francouzština | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poezie, which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"[54] | poezie | |
1961 | Ivo Andrić | Jugoslávie (narozen v Rakousku-Uhersku) |
Serbo-Croatian | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the dějiny of his country"[55] | romány, povídky | |
1962 | John Steinbeck | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"[56] | romány, povídky, scénáře | |
1963 | Giorgos Seferis | Řecko (narozen v Osmanské říši) |
řečtina | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"[57] | poezie, eseje, paměti | |
1964 | Jean-Paul Sartre | Francie | francouzština | "for his work, which rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"[58] | romány, povídky, filosofie, dramata, literární kritika, scénáře | |
1965 | Michail Šolochov | Sovětský svaz | ruština | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"[59] | romány | |
1966 | Šmu'el Josef Agnon | Izrael (narozen v Rakousku-Uhersku) |
hebrejština | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"[60] | romány, povídky | |
Nelly Sachsová | Švédsko (narozena v Německém císařství) |
němčina | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[60] | poezie, dramata | ||
1967 | Miguel Ángel Asturias | Guatemala | španělština | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"[61] | romány, poezie | |
1968 | Yasunari Kawabata | Japonsko | japonština | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"[62] | romány, povídky | |
1969 | Samuel Beckett | Irsko | angličtina and francouzština | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the romány and dramata - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"[63] | romány, dramata, poezie | |
1970 | Alexandr Solženicyn | Sovětský svaz | ruština | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"[64] | romány | |
1971 | Pablo Neruda | Chile | španělština | "for a poezie that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"[65] | poezie | |
1972 | Heinrich Böll | Západní Německo | němčina | "for his writing, which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"[66] | romány, povídky | |
1973 | Patrick White | Austrálie (narozen ve Spojeném království) |
angličtina | "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature"[67] | romány, povídky, dramata | |
1974 | Eyvind Johnson | Švédsko | švédština | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"[68] | romány | |
Harry Martinson | Švédsko | švédština | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"[68] | poezie, romány, dramata | ||
1975 | Eugenio Montale | Itálie | italština | "for his distinctive poezie, which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"[69] | poezie | |
1976 | Saul Bellow | Spojené státy americké (narozen v Kanadě) |
angličtina | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[70] | romány, povídky | |
1977 | Vicente Aleixandre | Španělsko | španělština | "for a creative poetic writing, which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poezie between the wars"[71] | poezie | |
1978 | Isaac Bashevis Singer | Spojené státy americké Polsko |
jidiš | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"[72] | romány, povídky, paměti | |
1979 | Odysseas Elytis | Řecko | řečtina | "for his poezie, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"[73] | poezie, eseje | |
1980 | Soubor:Czesprávo Milosz 3 ap.tif | Czesław Miłosz | Polsko | polština | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"[74] | poezie, eseje |
1981 | Elias Canetti | Spojené království (narozen v Bulharském knížectví) |
němčina | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"[75] | romány, dramata, paměti, eseje | |
1982 | Gabriel García Márquez | Kolumbie | španělština | "for his románys and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"[76] | romány, povídky, scénáře | |
1983 | William Golding | Spojené království | angličtina | "for his románys, which with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"[77] | romány, poezie, dramata | |
1984 | Jaroslav Seifert | Československo (narozen v Rakousku-Uhersku) |
čeština | "for his poezie, which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"[78] | poezie | |
1985 | Claude Simon | Francie (narozen ve Francouzském Madagaskaru) |
francouzština | "who in his romány combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"[79] | romány | |
1986 | Wole Soyinka | Nigérie | angličtina | "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the dramata of existence"[80] | dramata, romány, poezie | |
1987 | Joseph Brodsky | Spojené státy americké (narozen v SSSR) |
ruština and angličtina | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"[81] | poezie, eseje | |
1988 | Naguib Mahfouz | Egypt | arabština | "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"[82] | romány, povídky | |
1989 | Camilo José Cela | Španělsko | španělština | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"[83] | romány, povídky | |
1990 | Octavio Paz | Mexiko | španělština | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"[84] | poezie, eseje | |
1991 | Nadine Gordimerová | Jižní Afrika | angličtina | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[85] | romány, povídky, eseje | |
1992 | Derek Walcott | Svatá Lucie | angličtina | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"[86] | poezie, dramata | |
1993 | Toni Morrisonová | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "who in románys characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[87] | romány | |
1994 | Kenzaburó Óe | Japonsko | japonština | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"[88] | romány, povídky | |
1995 | Seamus Heaney | Irsko (narozen v Severním Irsku) |
angličtina | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"[89] | poezie | |
1996 | Wisława Szymborská | Polsko | polština | "for poezie that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[90] | poezie | |
1997 | Dario Fo | Itálie | italština | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"[91] | dramata | |
1998 | José Saramago | Portugalsko | portugalština | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"[92] | romány, dramata, poezie | |
1999 | Günter Grass | Německo | němčina | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of dějiny"[93] | romány, dramata, poezie | |
2000 | Kao Sing-ťien | Francie (od 1998) Čína (1940–1998) |
Chinese | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese romány and dramata"[94] | romány, dramata, literární kritika | |
2001 | V. S. Naipaul | Spojené království (narozen v Trinidadu a Tobagu) |
angličtina | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"[95] | romány, eseje | |
2002 | Imre Kertész | Maďarsko | maďarština | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of dějiny"[96] | romány | |
2003 | J. M. Coetzee | Austrálie Jižní Afrika |
angličtina | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"[97] | romány, eseje, překlady | |
2004 | Elfriede Jelineková | Rakousko | němčina | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in románys and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[98] | romány, dramata | |
2005 | Harold Pinter | Spojené království | angličtina | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[99] | dramata, scénáře | |
2006 | Orhan Pamuk | Turecko | turečtina | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"[100] | romány, scénáře, eseje | |
2007 | Doris Lessingová | Spojené království Zimbabwe (narozena v Persii) |
angličtina | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[101] | romány, dramata, poezie, povídky, paměti | |
2008 | J. M. G. Le Clézio | Francie Mauricius |
francouzština | "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"[102] | romány, povídky, eseje, překlady | |
2009 | Herta Müllerová | Německo (narozena v Rumunsku) |
němčina | "who, with the concentration of poezie and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"[103] | romány, povídky, poezie | |
2010 | Mario Vargas Llosa | Peru Španělsko |
španělština | "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[104] | romány, povídky, eseje, dramata, paměti | |
2011 | Tomas Tranströmer | Švédsko | švédština | "because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"[105] | poezie, překlady | |
2012 | Mo Jen | Čína | čínština | "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, dějiny and the contemporary"[106] | romány, povídky | |
2013 | Alice Munroová | Kanada | angličtina | "master of the contemporary povídky"[107] | povídky | |
2014 | Patrick Modiano | Francie | francouzština | "for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"[108] | romány | |
2015 | Světlana Alexijevičová | Bělorusko (narozena v SSSR) |
ruština | "for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" [109] | dějiny, eseje | |
2016 | Bob Dylan | Spojené státy americké | angličtina | "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"[110] | poezie, songwriting | |
2017 | Kazuo Ishiguro | Spojené království (narozen v Japonsku) | angličtina | "who, in románys of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"[111] | romány | |
2018 (awarded 2019) | Olga Tokarczuková | Polsko | polština | “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”[112] | romány, povídky, poezie, eseje | |
2019 | Peter Handke | Rakousko | němčina | "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience."[113] | romány, povídky, dramata |
Refernce
[editovat | editovat zdroj]- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1903 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ a b Nobel Prize in Literature 1904 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1905 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1906 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1907 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1908 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1909 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1910 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1911 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1912 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1913 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-15.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1915 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1916 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ a b Nobel Prize in Literature 1917 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1919 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1920 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1921 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1922 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1924 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-15.
- ↑ George Bernard Shaw | Irish dramatatist and critic. Encyclopedia Britannica. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2018-03-10. (anglicky)
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1926 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1927 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1928 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1929 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1930 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1931 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1932 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1933 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1934 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1936 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1937 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1938 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2009-02-18.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1939 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1944 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-20.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1947 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1949 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1950 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1951 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1952 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1953 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1955 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1956 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-08.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1957 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1958 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1959 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1961 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1963 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-08.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1964 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-20.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1965 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ a b Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1967 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1968 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1969 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1972 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ a b Nobel Prize in Literature 1974 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1975 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1976 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1977 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1978 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2011-02-22.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1979 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-08.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1980 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1981 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1982 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1983 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1984 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1985 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1986 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1987 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1988 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1990 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1992 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1993 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2009-03-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1994 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1997 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-11.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1998 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 1999 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2000 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2016-02-01.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2002 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-19.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2004 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-21.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2005 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-17.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-16.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-17]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2008-10-16.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2008 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2008-10-14]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 12 October 2008.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2009 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2009-10-08]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 11 October 2009.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2010 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2010-10-07]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 9 October 2010.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2011-10-06]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 7 October 2011.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2012-10-11]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 10 October 2012.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2013-01-27]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 10 October 2013.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2014 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2014-12-24]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 31 December 2014.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2015-10-08]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 21 September 2015.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2016 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2016-10-13]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2017-09-20.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 2017 – Press Release [online]. Nobel Prize [cit. 2017-10-05]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 5 October 2017.
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Literature 2018 [online]. Nobel Foundation [cit. 2019-10-10]. Dostupné online.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019 [online]. [cit. 2019-10-10]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
Externí odkazy
[editovat | editovat zdroj]- Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Vachovec1/Pískoviště9 na Wikimedia Commons
- Dílo Wikizdroje:Nobelova cena za literaturu ve Wikizdrojích
- nobelprize.org – oficiální stránky (anglicky)